Hrm Overnight Tour 2011

PROJECT PROPOSAL I. PROJECT TITLE:â€Å"HRM Overnight Tour 2011† II. PROJECT PROPONENT:BSHRM 4-1 III. PROJECT RATIONALE: The HRM Educational Tour 2011 is open to all HRM and non-HRM students of Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences. It is an experience which will afford students the opportunity to be familiarized with hotel operations, attend seminars, appreciate nature’s beauty and build friendship amongst each other. By attending this tour, student will be able to better understand what’s behind their chosen career/course and experience learning outside the four corners of the room. IV. PROJECT OBJECTIVES: Short-Term Objectives . To introduce the HRM students in learning outside the four corners of the room. 2. To introduce students to the different divisions of the hotel involving administrative and operation functions. 3. To assist students in determining their areas of interest with the wide array of career choices when working for the hotel or the hospitali ty industry in general. 4. To give the students the opportunity to attend seminars and experience hands-on activity. 5. To give the students a chance to appreciate nature’s beauty. 6. To let the students have fun, bond and at the same time build friendship among each other. Long-Term Objectives 1. To help market the school internally and externally. a) Internally – the said educational tour can help market the school, especially to HRM student, because it will leave a lasting impression into the students mind. It will definitely leave an impression that our school doesn’t only offer quality education but also give the students the opportunity to experience learning outside the four corners of the room. b) Externally – because of the lasting impression left into the existing students’ minds, by words of mouth, the students themselves will serve as effective marketing tool. . To contribute to the school’s vision of producing graduates who can compete in industrial and technological skills. V. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The HRM Educational Tour 2011 is a two-day experience that provides a program consisting of hotel familiarization tour, introduction of the divisions of a hotel, seminar facilitated by departmental trainers of t he hotel, trainings, actual demos, student participation, overnight accommodation at a hotel, environmental appreciation and lastly, recreation. The first stop of the tour is Subic International Hotel where the students will be familiarized with the hotel and trained in the administrative and operational function of the hotel. The training will be facilitated by Departmental Trainers of the hotel who are certified by the Subic International Hotel’s Human Resources Department ensuring that quality training is delivered. The training will include powerpoint presentations, actual demos and student participation. At the end of the training, students will be toured at the back and front areas of the hotel. All the participants will also experience having all their meal, from breakfast to dinner, at the hotel and are free to use the hotel’s swimming pool, mini gym and sauna. The next day, second stop will be at the Subic Ocean Adventure where participant are entitled to a â€Å"Mariners’ Package† where they could enjoy a guided park tour, watch the Dolphin and Sea Lion’s show, visit the Ocean Discovery Aquarium, photo opportunity with the SBMA mascot and lastly, entrance to the Adventure Beach for lunch and a refreshing afternoon swim. After the two days of skill and knowledge enhancing programs, warm accommodating, good food, nature appreciation and recreation at its best, students will definitely say that studying at Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences is the best. VI. PROJECT DURATION: October 1 to October 2, 2011 HRM Overnight Tour 2011 General Schedule of Activities: October 1, 2011 DAY 1 TimeActivity 5:00 – 6:00AM:Registration and Boarding 6:00 – 10:00AM:Trip to Subic International Hotel 10:00 – 10:00 PM:Hotel Tour Training/ Seminar Lunch Accommodation Swimming/Gym/Sauna Dinner 10:00 PM OnwardsSleeping time October 2, 2011 DAY 2 TimeActivity 6:00 – 7:00 AM:Breakfast at Subic International Hotel 7:00 – 8:00 AM:Hotel Check-out 8:00 – 8:30 AM:Trip to Subic Ocean Adventure Theme Park 8:30 – 12:00 NN:Guided park tour and D&SL Show 12:00 – 1:30 PM:Lunch at Adventure Beach 1:30 – 4:30 PM:Enjoyment of the Beach 4:30 – 7:30 PM:Trip back to Antipolo (SCAS) (end of tour) VII. TARGET BENEFICIARIES Target beneficiaries of HRM Educational Tour 2011 includes: HRM students, interested students from other programs and HRM faculty members. We are also inviting old HRM students and even SCAS graduates to join the said tour. We are expecting, at least, fifty (50) participants excluding the *faculty members and non-HRM students/ **outsider/ graduates. *HRM faculty members’ are subject to a twenty percent (20%) discount if the expected numbers of participants are not met. *HRM faculty members’ are free of all charges if the expected numbers of participants are met. **Companion or invited company by students are considered outsider. VIII. PROPOSED BUDGET (for 50 participants) Expenses BudgetPer person charge Transportation P 25,000. 00P 500. 00 / pax Insurance Toll and Parking Subic International Hotel P 127,000. 00P 2,540. 00 / pax Hotel tour Seminars/Training Accommodation Meals (4) -Lunch -Dinner -Breakfast -Lunch Ocean Adventure *Other expenses P 5,000. 00P 100. 00 / pax Tarpaulins Waiver forms Contract signing Paperwork SCAS Certificate *Contingency Fund P 23,000. 00P 460. 00 / pax TOTAL = **P 180,000. 00 **P 3,600. 00 / pax **all income and expenses are subject for auditing. all the excess of the fund will be divided into two (2), half will go to the HRM Society fund while the other half will proceed to the treasury of SCAS or as instructed by the SCAS Accounting Department. IX. MONITORING AND EVALUATION The HRM Educational Tour 2011 will be supervised by the officers of the BSHRM 4-1 Events Committee especially the HRM Department Head, HRM Faculty Members, Event Chairman, Events Finance Officer, Events Marketing Officer and Events Program & Logisti cs Officer. They will make sure that the flow of the activity/program will be safe and properly executed. They will also observe the participation of all the participants in the said tour/event. Also, all the participants and their parent/guardian are required to sign a waiver form declaring that the academe and its management will not be held liable for any untoward incident while the participant is engaged in the said tour. Nonikko Dizon Mendoza President, SCAS HRM Society Chairman, Events Committee CC: President Executive Vice President Dean for Academic Affairs Office of Student Affairs Department Head, HRM Accounting Department

History of Indian Constitution Essay

THE CABINET MISSION PLAN In 1946, at the initiative of British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, a cabinet mission to India was formulated to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership and providing India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations. The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and laid down in some detail the procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. With the independence of India on August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly became a fully sovereign body and began work on 9 December 1947. THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies. Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi and R. K. Sidhwa. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, B. R. Ambedkar, Benegal Narasingh Rao and K. M. Munshi Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur were important women members. The first president of the Constituent Assembly was Sachidanand Sinha later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly. The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time in the year 1946 on December 9. DRAFTING In the August 14, 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented. Such committees include Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution  Committee. On August 29, 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members. A Draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on November 4, 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on the January 24, 1950. Two days later, the Constitution of India became the law of all the Indian lands. STRUCTURE OF THE UNION GOVERNMENT The basic form of the Union Government envisaged in the Constitution was introduced by Dr. Ambedkar as follows, â€Å"A democractic executive must satisfy two conditions: 1. It must be a stable executive, and 2. It must be a responsible executive. Unfortunately, it has not been possible so far to devise a system which can ensure both conditions in equal degree. †¦.. The daily assessment of responsibility, which is not available in the American system is, it is felt, far more effective than the periodic assessment and far more necessary in a country like India. The Draft Constitution in recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more responsibility to stability.† India, thus adopted a Parliamentary form of government, with the President as the nominal head of the Executive and the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers wielding actual power.

Business Plan For Candle Business In Nigeria Commerce Essay

Business Plan For Candle Business In Nigeria Commerce Essay Candles have been in existence for many years. At one time, people depended on them to light as well as heat their homes. Archaeologists have found proof of the existence of ancient candles in caves all over the world, most recently in France. The theory is that cavemen used candles as a source of light for etching their stories and charts on the walls of their homes. These candles were most likely created from fat derived from animals that were killed for food and fur. Even the ancient Egyptians created and used candles. Regardless of what material the candle is made of, to burn and provide adequate light and heat it has to have plasma, solids, gasses, and liquids. In today’s modern world, we create candles for our own personal enjoyment, as crafts and hobbies for most people. Some people enjoy making candles so much that they turn their craft into a profitable business. With a little creativity, you can make some truly unique candles, simply by adding your own designs and s kills. It is possible to make candles in every shape and size that you can imagine, and in any colours you can create. You can even add essential oils and fragrances to your candles, so that they not only provide decorative light, but a beautiful scent as well. Most of today’s modern candles are made primarily out of paraffin wax, but some are also made of beeswax as well. Paraffin wax is a wax that is derived from plants, found naturally all over the world. Strict safety precautions should be followed when making your candles. It could be very easy to make a small mistake and suffer serious burns from the wax, not to mention the very real danger of fire, when using or creating candles. There should be separate area in your home or workshop especially for candle making, with fire extinguishers readily available in case of emergency. For a new candle making, it will be best to start with simple candle designs, then increase the difficulty as your skill increases. The basic tec hniques of candle making, have to be learn and setup your work area appropriately. Pay attention to temperatures, and make certain that you are careful to follow safety rules. Candle making is fairly easy once when understanding the basics and perfect techniques. The good news is that the supplies needed in candle making are fairly inexpensive, so no worry about wasting money if ruin along the way. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The broad aim of the study is to introduce candle manufacturing business into Nigeria market in other to improve their standard of living. Along this broad aim emerges the following specific objectives which are: To determine the viability of Candle manufacturing business in Nigeria market. To determine the feasibility of Candle manufacturing business in Nigeria market. To determine the market trends for Candle business. CHAPTER TWO MARKET SURVEY / ANALYSIS 2.1 MARKET The end users of candle are mainly householders. It is their source of lightening during power outage. As earlier mentioned ‘white garment churches’ (the celestial and cherubim and seraphim) are the other end users of candle for making supplication to celestial bodies.

Pop Culture and Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pop Culture and Technology - Assignment Example The technology is fairly simple and involves the in cooperation of lasers, maps and cameras that are sufficient in ensuring that the car remains on the same path and maintains a certain distance from other vehicles and obstacles. The U.S military has also invested in this technology. This technology is also feasible and useful as people who have disability and are at ages where they are unable to operate vehicle can safely commute to different areas. This technology has positive sociological implications as it is likely to help the less competent due to several pathologies or physiological ageing. In addition, it can reduce the number of deaths that occur in military conflicts as they will be no humans in the vehicles. There are some problems however, that involve the ability of the technology to make immediate decisions in some situation that may require human intuition. This is the main reason why debate still exists on the use of these vehicles today. John Anderton had surgery to replace his eyes. This surgery was to ensure that the retina scanners were incapable of detecting him. He kept his old eyes to ensure that he still had access to the entrance of Precrime (Molen et al., 2002). The minority report is coined after the vision of Agatha and the 2 other precogs. In the movie, Agatha sees the true future all the time and this is usually similar to the vision of the precogs, which sometimes only see the â€Å"possible future†. However, when her vision conflicts with the precogs it is labeled a â€Å"minority report† (Molen et al.,

The Portrayal of Asian Males in D. W. Griffiths Broken Blossoms Movie Review

The Portrayal of Asian Males in D. W. Griffiths Broken Blossoms - Movie Review Example The film Broken Blossoms perpetuates this stereotype by portraying the Asian male as submissive and weak. Broken Blossoms was released in 1919, during the growth of the yellow peril, a social perspective that rose from the influx of Asian immigration into the United States and some European countries. In America, the yellow peril originated during the late 19th century as Asian laborers immigrated in record numbers to San Francisco to work for the railroads and culminated in Japan's bombing of Pearl Harbor which forced America to get involved with World War II. Marchetti writes, Within the context of America's consistently ambivalent attitudes to Native Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans, and other peoples of color, the yellow peril has contributed to the notion that all nonwhite people are by nature physically and mentally inferior, morally suspect, heathen, licentious, disease-ridden, feral, violent, uncivilized, infantile, and in need of guidance of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. (2-3) America used the stereotype of the yellow peril to at firs... In Broken Blossoms, the Asian male is not only portrayed as being weaker then the Anglo Saxon male, he also must be punished for transgressing cultural boundaries by falling in love with a white woman. In the beginning of the film, the Yellow Man is seen sitting against a wall, depressed, and hugging himself. Already, the film is portraying him as mentally inferior to the white man by having him in a feminized position, since it is culturally understood that the woman becomes sad and depressed, not the male. The Yellow Man is also shown to be an opium smoking drug addicted gambler, again feeding into the Anglo Saxon stereotype of the Asian male as depraved and morally suspect. Then we meet the white male, Battling Burrow, who is a literal symbol of the raw strength of the Anglo Saxon male. The contrast between the two males is startling; the Asian male is morally corrupt and feminized while the Anglo Saxon male is a physical powerhouse of raw brute strength. When the white female, Lucy, goes shopping and stops before the Yellow Man's store, he becomes infatuated with her and begins to follow her around town. This is biggest threat to the white patriarchal society; having an inferior male mating with a white woman. When Lucy comes home, she is beaten by her father for serving his tea late, but the symbolic message is that she must be punished for attracting the attentions of the Yellow Man. The Yellow Man takes Lucy into his apartment to nurse her after her beating. The Yellow Man is further feminized in the eyes of the audience by participating in the female practice of nursing and by showering Lucy with flowers and silk. That he owns such things as silk fabric shows again how the Asian male is not

Detailed specification and costs of a mobile computing device and a Essay

Detailed specification and costs of a mobile computing device and a desktop machine - Essay Example Computers do many different things by using the same hardware (all the solid stuff in and on the case) but using different software, programs which tell the computer what to do and how to do it. Computers come in three basic types: desktop, laptop and palmtop. The desktop which usually consists of a box, a screen, a mouse and a keyboard can usually do more than the others. The laptop, sometimes called a notebook or subnotebook PC. These machines are all-in-one packages with the computer, keyboard, mouse and display screen all together. They are generally not as powerful as a desktop and the desktop costs less for the same features, because the portability is expensive. Palmtops are really small subnotebooks, not much bigger than your hand. However, to qualify as a palmtop computer it has to have all the same attributes as the others: it must run different programs which you can buy and install, it must have an input device, a processing unit and the ability to output to a device. A PDA is a Personal Digital Assistant. It has many of the functions of the computers, but very limited capacity and power, partly due to its small size. The high end PDAs include word processing, email, calculating, databases and Internet access. Some come with simplified accounting software as many users need them to make entries into expense accounts. Mapping and GPS is a very popular function on these devices, and a few, called smart phones, have a cell phone, possibly a camera and Bluetooth and edge wireless technology built in. Most newly manufactured PDAs will accept external memory cards to expand their capacity. Most PDAs will connect to your computer in order to synchronize information, such as contact lists, to-do lists, and calendars. They can also move music, photo and video files back and forth between the machines. (Gookin, Dan, 31-44) So let’s look at the components of these devices and exactly what they do. Once thing they all share is

Ethical and Legal Implications of Medical Errors Essay

Ethical and Legal Implications of Medical Errors - Essay Example Codes of conduct at the place of work are fundamental observe. Moral values of caregivers hold it that instances of errors should be on the minimal possible. This further gives an insight into what healthcare providers consider being right or wrong. Hospital-Acquired Infections are crucial to account for. Hospitals and healthcare facilities are regarded as places where healthcare issues are addressed. As a result, Hospital Acquired Infections to some extent fails to constitute ethical occurrences. Nurses, doctors, and all medical professionals should come up with ways that alleviate or significantly minimize Hospital Acquired Infections.Rules of practice should be highly observed so that all stakeholders do not view Hospital Acquired Patients are entitled to quality and effectiveness healthcare. All responsible parties in that pursuit should ensure that the underlying rights and freedoms are observed. Failure to do so may highly attract lawsuits between the patients and the healthcar e providers. Medical errors affect different patients in different ways, and so are the legal processes that different patients will result in times of medical errors like Hospital Acquired Infections. The legal structure operates on proves, but not necessarily what the lawsuit parties individually know. For this reason, prove of conditions that exacerbate the occurrence of Hospital-Acquired Infections is highly likely to favor patients, thereby placing the healthcare sector and healthcare providers in jeopardy of service.

Slavery in Early American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slavery in Early American History - Essay Example Slavery was practiced in the North America at its climax for up to two centuries before legal issues and human rights fighters started the foundation of dissolving this vice. The vice started fading in the late 18th century, but continued to thrive in the Southern States of North America. Most slaves were found in areas that were active in cash crop agriculture and other areas that required hard manual labor such as industrial areas (Kolchin, 9). Needless to say, many evils happened during the extended period that slavery existed. This essay will discuss the supposed differences that led to the degradation of the blacks as slaves in English America. Terrors that were experienced in slave ships during their transportation and some of the evolutions in the slave ships will also be discussed. These will base their reference on two books: The White Man’s Burden by Winthrop D. Jordan and The Slave Ship, by Marcus Rediker. The black people underwent a lot of maltreatment as slaves d uring slavery, and in slave ships in the early American history. The major difference that formed the basis of every other difference the whites had in degrading the Africans was the skin color. This is according to the book, The White Man’s Burden, by Winthrop D. Jordan. The skin color of the Africans made the Whites believe that they were a radically unusual race. This drove to the belief that this peculiar race was then inferior and thus had no right to some of the rights that the Whites had access. Africans were, therefore, considered lesser than the White Men, and were subjected to play servitude to the perceived superior mankind, the White People. â€Å"By 1700, when Africans began flooding into English America, they were treated as somehow deserving a life and status radically different from English and other European settlers† (Winthrop, 26). According to Jordan, an initial

Unit 4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 4 - Coursework Example In addition, the FPI contract bears target cost, ceiling price, target profit, and formula of sharing profits (Garrett, 2006). CS: This contract falls under cost reimbursement contract type. In this case, the buyer and seller agree to venture into a joint effort to undertake research that serves mutual interests. Since the seller accrues commercial benefits to the seller, the contracts exempts payment of fees. In addition, the seller offloads some of the performance costs in need of benefiting the seller’s firm. T&M: This contract type is concerned with time management and time-sensitive contracts. For a carnival services, the requirement for contract labor is crucial as events are not consecutive. In this case, T&M contract is the best suited as it considers timed labor with specific compensation. On the down side, T&M discourages effective control of costs (Garrett, 2006). In advertising to attract the most competitive entities within the marketplace, selection and segmentation of the potential target entities are essential consideration. In order to filter the best from the rest, the advert is to clearly communicate the competitive edge of the advertised business venture. The channel of communication is an important aspect in advertising. However, in order to catch the attention of the target entities, the campaign is to use the medium of communication most accessed by the target

Turkey-External State Military Threats Essay Example for Free

Turkey-External State Military Threats Essay Presently, Turkey is still under constant pressure by different threats posed by neighboring countries. This is according to military experts, saying that one of the few reasons that Turkey should be very wary of is the climate change. The possibility of engaging into violence is very like, especially to its neighbours Israel, Iraq and Syria. The reason for this is because of lessened water supply in these countries especially now that the world is experiencing major climate changes, which would be really hard to adapt in countries with no abundant water supplies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Lieutenant Colonel Ozmen, the Office if the Chief of Staff’s Middle East expert said in the latest edition of Armed Services magazine that climate change is an inevitable problem which will be faced all over the world, not only by Turkey. This is problem will be addressed by plotting out a national security strategy to amend the climate change (Ankara).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the options that Turkey may be facing is that they might wage war in order to keep the citizens and their living spaces safe. Another one is thoroughly amending the national security strategy, so that it will accommodate the possible risk and threats of climate change. The country should improve on its military capabilities on various aspects of domestic and international security, as well as possible relocation and transfers of the populace when the time of war arrives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These problems would arise because Turkey is the recipient of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, as it is strategically located in eastern and southeast of Turkey. In 20 years time, people who don’t have good access to clean water would be increased to five billion heads. Turkey, having the cleanest water resources in the area would surely catch the interest of its neighoring countries that are unfortunate to have a good source of water, where climate change would surely mean water shortages for them. Internal problems could arise within these countries, as well as possible instances of domestic attacks in Turkey. It is due to the fact that lack of water could further result to shortages in food supply, and could lead to a collapse in the economy as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another problem that Turkey is facing is regarding the threats being made on the secular republic. The Turkish armed forces said that there are efforts made to undermine the secular republic, as it was showered by comments regarding issues that the Parliament would elect an Islamic candidate for presidency (Reuters). With this report, people saw what could be a possible threat to secularism. The military however, stood firm that they wouldn’t just be spectators, especially now that secularism is being threatened. However, there were speculations that these comments were just caused by the air of elections coming soon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But the problem is that everyday, different ways of undoing the modern advances and destroy the democratic and secular structure of Turkey are coming out. This is according to the chief of the general staff, General Yasar Buyukanit, as he addressed the public during Victory Day last August 30. The secular republic of Turkey is being guarded by no other that its military, as anything they see unusual and threatening to the secular republic will be deposed, the latest of which is in 1997, when the government was viewed to be on the Islamist’s end (Tribune).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to General Buyukanit, the Turkish armed forces will never bend its beliefs and stance and will continue to uphold the interest of the democratic people, of the secular Turkey. The military and higher secular elites have directly opposed the presidential candidacy of Abdullah Gul, which is the Foreign Minister today. The reason for this is because of his Islamic roots, as well as the wearing of a Muslim head scarf by his wife, which is a clear representation of the religion they support.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Turkey is aspiring for membership in the European Union, and is composed of a majority of Muslims, but the constitution it upholds is a strict sense of Secular constitution (Thomas).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another military problem that Turkey is suffering from is the Turkish rebel troops’ threat to the country. The rebel group PKK composed of Turkish Kurds are the ones causing the ruckus, launching attacks on the country while in hiding in another county. They are hiding somewhere in the mountainous northern Iraq which is known to be as a Kurdish area. These PKK have ensued deadly attacks on military installations and some public areas of the country (The Boston Globe). The country has formed an incursion in order to punish these rebel troops. However, this incursion would be causing a lot commotion especially because it will pass through the northern Iraq area, something that could possibly go wrong and lead to violence. In order to avoid further harm to any of the two countries, Iraq should be the one to hunt down   these PKK rebels, especially now that they are into hiding in their territory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, Turkey cannot barge into another land only with a massive amount of military troops unless they are declaring war. A of problems could go wrong, and the peaceful area of Northern Iraq could turn into a warzone in an instant. The army massing up by the border in northern Iraq is 150,000-strong just to curb the terroristic ways of these PKK rebels. 150,000 armed soldiers is enough to wage a small war with another country. Turkish Generals however, clarify that they wouldn’t go into hasty measures because they abide by the democratic rules. They said that their will be no cross-border campaign if the Parliament tells them to do so. With this words, the pressure is placed in the shoulders of the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Previously, Erdogan’s Justice and Development Party is being questioned by the nationalists and secularists for a case of incompetence in the part of the Prime Minister.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Defense Secretary Robert Gates, there should be no border crossing to avoid any complications. No one should cross the border from both sides, especially with issues like these heating up. Iraqi Kurds will have to take down the PKK rebels by themselves, even though it may seem hard to do, without the help from Turkey. This is to maintain peace in that northern region of Iraq.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another problem that Turkey focuses on is about its entry to the European Union. Turkey is making an impression that they deserve to accepted in the EU by avoiding anything that could forfeit a possible European Union membership. However, there are a lot of people, individuals and groups of people who doesn’t agree with the possible membership of Turkey. They see Turkey’s entry in the international group as a problem, instead of being an asset, Turkey becomes a liability. According to these people, Turkey is very different from the other members of the European Union because of how the country is ruled. It is not actually run by democracy, instead, the authority that decides on how it should be ruled are the military forces. A lot of issues spurn out of nowhere regarding Turkey’s membership, like how it deals with minorities’ rights, eradicating the power of the military to run the state, and by improving further the democratic procedures it employs to the populace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If ever Turkey will be able to address these issues, then the possibility of getting the favour of most of the EU members is high. However, the problem will be how they will be able to address these issues. Turkey’s rules and policies have been the same for a long time already, and they were able to establish a stable government. If they would abruptly change it in order to qualify for the European Union, nobody knows how it will affect the country. Surely, several complications would arise and the ones that are more likely to suffer are the masses, the Turkish people which these rules are being employed upon. The result would depend on how they will tolerate these changes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There problems regarding the European Union membership can be traced with the issue on PKK rebel terrorists. Turkey’s Kurdish region has experienced an increase in violence and has resulted to civilian action. Because of this, the government mobilized Turkish police to pacify the situation, attacking the demonstrating masses with tear gas, batons, tanks and other lethal weapons that can get hold of. The government issued a state of emergency, and a number of human rights and political activists were arrested (Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty). This internal problem that Turkey wasn’t able to address had caught the eye of the leaders of the European Union. They questioned the actions made by Turkish officials, and asked why everything has led to a stir up of the masses. It is a bad image for a member of the European Union to have unsettled government issues like this one, and no member of the EU has experienced problems such as these starting the day they joined the European Union. This has somewhat brought a negative point on Turkey in the aspect of joining the European Union. Efforts have been made to redeem what has happened that time. How can I reduce the threat to human security?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Turkey is facing serious political and military problems these days. This is due to the pressure they are receiving with regards to their aspiration to join the European Union. One of the negative setbacks of this situation is the threat to human security. War can break out anytime, especially now that Turkey and the neighboring countries are well-armed since the region has been plagued by a lot of wars these past few years now. The country’s army may be prepared for war, but the people are not. Surely their lives will be affected if the situation would turn into bombings and gun battles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The government is doing their best on how to solve these problems, even though there are times that they are neglecting the side of the people. They may have been overlooking the interest of the people in order for them to be accepted in the European Union. This is a major concern because it involves the welfare of the people, and the main purpose of a governing body of the country is to serve the people. There are other alternatives to these cases however. One of these alternatives is for the people to act. As a citizen, they can do something is they really want to. They can invoke change, depending on how the people do it. They are the ones who has control over these matter, not the rebellious groups, not the military forces, not even the government. Everything is on the people’s hands, and the outcome will surely depend on how they would address the situation. It is no merely a national or a regional problem; it is already a global issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a citizen, the least I can do is to disseminate information. Having a good line of communication for the whole nation is very crucial, since it opens up the connection for every concerned citizen. People have ideas which can be executed to promote safety and the welfare of other people. It mustn’t fall on deaf ears, especially at times like these, where every idea for a solution counts. As a citizen, I am also bound to this nation by law that’s why I should still abide in every law and regulation it employs on the people. I am also responsible for my actions, such that it wouldn’t lead into further complications for me and my country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I should cooperate to the fullest in order for the programs and projects of the government to be successful. It is also crucial to choose on what side am I on, regarding the issue of the Europen Union. If the leaders deem that being a member is what truly matters, then I must abide by their ideas. However, I am also responsible to voice out my opinions in a more peaceful way than staging demonstration and ensuing public mobility. It could really be a waste of time and resources, instead of focusing on what really needs to be focused on – the actual problems that the country has.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though I am just an individual, there are still other ways on how I can be of use to the country. I should try my best to become an asset instead of being a liability. Instead of complaining about how things work and how things go, I should just be cooperative with the programs that they employ to the people. There is always a right time to complain, which is also my responsibility as a citizen. I should report everything that I see as wrong, so that people concerned would still be able to amend or fix it. Works Cited: Ankara. Militarys Expert Says Israel, Iraq and Syria Can Become Threats.   2007.   Turkish Daily News. September 19 2007. http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=83719. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Iraq: Kurdish Official Downplays Threat from Turkey.   2006.   Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. September 19 2007. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/07/c2c5fa27-919a-4eaa-a4e1-f05445e35fe6.html. Reuters. Secular Turkey Is under Threat, Military Says.   Europe, 2007.   International Herald Tribune. September 19 2007. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/27/europe/turks.php. The Boston Globe. Turkish Threats to Turkey.   2007. September 19 2007. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2007/06/15/turkish_threats_to_turkey/. Thomas, Mark. Mark Thomas Refuses to Ignore the Problem of Turkey.   2006. September 19 2007. http://www.newstatesman.com/200604240014. Tribune, The World. Turkeys Secular Government in Trouble, General Warns.   2006.   East West Services. September 19 2007. http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/06/front2454005.08125.html.

Proton Was Incorporated In May Marketing Essay

Proton Was Incorporated In May Marketing Essay Introduction Proton was incorporated in May 7, 1983. Proton is Malaysias first national car maker company. Proton is a Malaysian automobile manufacturer headquartered in Subang Jaya and Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, with a manufacturing plant in Tanjung Malim, Perak. It all began in 1979, Malaysias Father of Modernization, Tun Mahathir Mohamad, (the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia), mooted the idea of establishing an automotive assembling and manufacturing industry in our country. Proton successfully produced its Malaysias first car, the Proton Saga, which is commercially launched on July 9, 1985 by our prime minister who had originally conceived the idea of a Malaysian car (History of Proton Malaysia, 2010). Protons objectives include the development of indigenous research and development capabilities, world class manufacturing and production standards, design capabilities as well as a presence in the global market. To further cement their successes, they come out with the new model such as Persona, Exora, New Saga and Preve. According to Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, Proton Preve has been developed accordance with global standards of quality and safety (Proton unveils latest car model the Preve, 2012). Today, they are constantly seeking progress that drives PROTON as a brand that encompasses not only making the best cars, but embracing the values that comes with it. Currently, export is one of the mode entries that Proton is using to expand its market. For instance, Proton cars are making their mark internationally as competitive and innovative automobiles. They are now being exported to 50 countries including the highly competitive United Kingdom and continental European markets. In order to reach the commitment from customers, business associates, shareholders, government agencies, and employees, Proton is realizing its goal of being an internationally successful Malaysian automotive manufacturer. It is achieving this by being customer oriented and by producing competitively priced and innovative products. Besides that, Proton has agreed with Chinas carmaker company, Hawtai Motor Group Ltd on Memorandum of Understanding (MoU to gain collaboration in product development and give licensing on its current models to Hawtai Motor Group to be manufactured by Hawtai in China (Proton signs MoU with Chinas Hawtai Motor, 2011). Main purpose for this collaboration is to develop the new models by sharing the cost and joint design. This enables Proton to lower down their cost and discover the potential cross-supplying of components from local Malaysian vendors to China. Proton also has relationship with the Youngman Automobile Group located in China. Youngman Automobile Group has been buying the Gen2 model from Proton since 2007 and selling the model under its own brand name. Proton is an automobile technology that is the pride and symbol of Malaysian innovation and dedication. Proton is preparing ahead now, with a view to globalize throughout the world. They will be breaking new grounds, opening n ew markets, and delighting new customers. Current Expansions Joint Venture Proton Holdings Berhad has a joint venture with Chinas Hawtai Motor Group Ltd to extend their expansion to China. They had come out with an agreement of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Chinas Hawtai Motor Group Ltd to explore collaboration in their product development that allow Malaysian car manufacturer to expand their business to China (Zaharin, 2011). Besides, Proton will also license its current models which are Proton Exora and the upcoming model presently coded P3-21A to Hawtai Motor Group. These two models will only sell in Chinese domestic market and there are under Hawtai brand and maybe with co-naming with Proton because they had joint venture to extend their brand to worldwide so that everyone in different country will know their brand (Zaharin, 2011). According to Proton Group Managing Director, Dato Sri Haji Syed Zainal Abidin, Proton are now concerning into new models that manufactured by Hawtai Motor Group and it is suitable to redevelop to act as the substitut e for existing Proton models so that the development and tooling costs will be shared by both companies (Proton signs MoU with Chinas Hawtai Motor, 2011). Partnership Proton-Lotus engineering is also having partnership with Youngman. Youngman is a family-owned company which is located in Jinhua, Zhejiang and now it has renamed itself as Engineered by Lotus. The car with the brand name of T5 SUV is the production of car upon the partnership between them. T5 SUV is the extended form of Gen-2 platform and it will use engines from Protons CPS upwards and will be priced in the range of RM 50,000 to RM 75,000. In order to going global, they also designed right-hand drive version and also left-hand version so that the model can be acceptable by all the nations and sold worldwide (Vong, 2012). Proton Holding Berhad is also carry out partnership with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation which is located in Japan. This partnership was found to be failing due to the lack of technology transfer in year 2005. Proton has established a 20 years old relationship with Mitsubishi, but in the end it still broke down (Tan, 2005). However, Proton and Mitsubishi still wish to extend their partnership option in year 2008. Upon the partnership, Mitsubishi will be able to deal with the development and production of all vehicles which is under Proton brand and Proton also allows building new Mitsubishi-based vehicles (Klose, 2008). Export    Since 1983, Proton has established its automotive position consistently in producing and exporting cars. Currently, Proton has risen to a level where it has exported to more than fifty countries which include traditional export markets such as United Kingdom, Asia and South America including Australia, Turkey, Russia, India, Laos, Egypt and Argentina. Other than that, Proton is also aggressively expanding their business in other countries including Middle East and South Africa (Gabilaia, 2001).  However, Proton  does not export cars in the United States because of strict American regulations (Aero, 2012  ). Proton started its international exporting in the late 1980 which exports from Malaysia to other right hand drive markets like New Zealand. However, it was not as success as compared to the United Kingdom so Proton had withdrawn from the New Zealand market in 1990 (Mandalina landy, 2009). When Proton first export of cars in Europe was started in 1988 where it exported to Republic of Ireland and a year later, they expand their export market to United Kingdom. There was a large unit of cars being exported to United Kingdom and Ireland in 1989 since the United Kingdom is the largest export market of Proton. They export the cars through its distributor in UK which is its subsidiary, Proton Cars (UK) Ltd. When Proton decided to export their car in UK, it shows a significantly improvement on the overall sales performance and increase in production units. According to Mandalina landy, Proton somewhat suffered poor quality product has made Protons image in UK being affected included the sale s of the car dropped 14 900 units in  1993  to 4 600 in  1998. In addition, Proton also has suffered for intensive competition from other countries in automotive industry such as Japanese and South Korean carmakers. Therefore, Proton is too rely on its major export market in United Kingdom, Proton can export to other European countries since the company has not much expansion towards European countries. Even though ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) agreements has been reduced the trade of entry to ASEAN country makes Proton decided to make further expansion to ASEAN country (Mandalina landy, 2009) but it just with a small units of car exports to Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Thus, it contributed to lower in term of Protons production and profitability. There are six original members of AFTA: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia,  Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Now AFTA has included 4 members which are Vietnam, Laos, Myammar and Cambodia (Gabilaia, 2001). According to Aero, Proton does not officially exported their car to Vietnam. Besides, South Africa is the second country after Singapore where Proton has exported Satria Neo (Thestar, 2006). Proton would still retain its status as a national carmaker, but they will be focusing on its export markets (Choong, 2012). This can help Proton to offset the poor sales pe rformance on other export markets such as european market. Generally, Proton enters into some other countrys market via signing a distributor agreement with local based distributor such as Indonesia, Thailand and Australia. Forward  integration  is one of the strategies in order for Proton to gain the ownership control of its distributor. Thus, through signing distributor agreement that Proton as owner and controller of the distributorship of Proton cars can increases its control over its distributor. Besides, countries with left hand driving culture such as Singapore and Australia, Proton are producing and exporting left-hand car models to enter the market whereas neighboring market such as Thailand and Indonesia, Proton are serving them with right hand drive model of cars. Since car exports  are contributing substantial revenues for Proton. Therefore,  from 2008 onwards, Proton plans to push for annual car exports to 100,000 within the next few years (Neil McDonald, 2006). Acquisition Due to a lack of technology transfer, Proton has ended partnership with its major supplier Mitsubishi Motor in 2004 (Alborz Fallah, 2007). However, it does not affect Proton much regarding the supply of component part since they had been acquired Lotus Cars Company in 1996. Through acquisition, Proton able to obtain an additional source of engineering and automotive expertise since Lotus is well known with its engineering design and technology knowhow. According to Gabilaia, Proton is doing research and development with Lotus engineering and Petronas Formula1 team in order to build their own national car with their own engine without relies on the some component part supplied by Mitsubishi. As Proton was lacking of competitiveness in domestic and international markets, several measures were taken to upgrade the company over the years. The turnaround point was through acquisition of Lotus by Proton, Proton  is gaining the advantages from lotus in term of a major RD house through the well regarded  Lotus  Engineering as well as enter into European market which have been traditionally less responsive to Proton. Since Proton did the usual mistake among late coming automakers exporting from the very start to expand to the most competitive markets in the global North, it had made Proton suffered poor image quality. Thus, Proton regain the opportunity to go after a completely different customer segment without eroding the Proton brand in European market through acquired Lotus (Abdur-Rahman Syed, 2011). Future Expansions Partnership Proton has expanded over 50 countries in the world but they have yet to capture a big presence in Asia nations. As we know, India has the worlds second largest population in nations after China. Proton should target India to expand their operations since Indias market is not as compact as China yet which is still very prospective. As the failure of developing a concrete partnership agreement between German automaker Volkswagen and Proton (Paul Tan, 2006), Proton should gain another partner to broaden their market. Thus, we suggest Proton to pursue a partnership with the Japanese car-maker, Maruti Suzuki, a subsidiary company of Suzuki Motor Corporations which is a carmaker leader in India. Maruti Suzuki is a leading automobile manufacturer and the market leader in India car segment. By having a partnership relationship with Maruti Suzuki, Proton can easily capture the Indian market by the existence of well brand reputation of Maruti Suzuki in India. Maruti Suzuki has established a highly profitable joint venture with the India government that creates nearly monopolistic trade in the Indian automobile market. This is also one of the reason why Maruti Suzuki able to become Indias largest passenger car company. Through this joint venture, Proton can avoid many complex regulatory procedures from government department while entering India market. On the other hand, in order to continually dominate India domestic car market opportunities, Proton can propose to Maruti Suzuki with its multi-purpose vehicle (MPV), Proton Exora to be launched to the India domestic market. Although Maruti Suzuki has its own MPV in India but the price is much higher than Proton Exora. Indias car market does not have much (MPV) with a lower price. Proton Exora can offer a lower price than other MPV cars currently existing in the market. The proposal is likely to be successful because the MPV cars price is much higher than Proton Exora. Besides, Proton can collaborate with Maruti Suzuki in making diesel-powered car. The demand for diesel-powered vehicles has surged in the country following the widening gap between prices of petrol and diesel. (Maruti Suzuki may not meet 10% sales growth target in FY13, 2012) The gap between prices of petrol and diesel widening from Rs9.83 to Rs25 now, obviously there has been a shift in demand towards diesel. Proton can support the manufacturing process of diesel car by exporting their technology from Malaysia to India. For example, Lotus Omnivore engine which offers a 10% increase in fuel efficiency compared to stratified direct injection engines. Based on Protons current practices, we know that Proton is exporting their cars to its major countries like United Kingdom. This practice indicates that their exporting strategy is too narrow because they just focus on exporting large units in one country. Proton should focus more in exporting large units of cars to ASEAN country like Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan and so on. It is because these countries have the lower-cost based locations where it can provide low-rate of warehouse to put their cars (Hills, 2011). Moreover, it can also lower the paid for substantial costs of establishing manufacturing operation compared to United Kingdom (Hills, 2011). Another issue of exporting cars is the transportation costs; in which it requires high exporting cost to export car units to other countries (Hills, 2011). This will lead to low profitability and high expenses. Proton should try another mode entry instead of exporting, they can choose manufacture their car units regionally like wholly owned subsidiaries (Hills, 2011). Recently, Proton has selected a new entry mode like joint ventures with Chinas Hawtai Motor Group Ltd in China (Zaharin, 2011). The disadvantage of this practice is risky because it will reduce Protons controlling power to its partner (Hills, 2011). For example, Proton Exora and P3-21A only can sell in China and it is under Hawtai brand. It shows that Proton has no power to make any decision in China market. In addition, Proton would not have the full control over their partners. A good example, all models will be manufactured by Hawtai Motor Group for redeveloping to substitute Proton models in China (Zaharin, 2011). Furthermore, this practice would lead to battles and conflicts for control between the firms if their main objectives and goals are different and it may arise different point of views. For example, Proton Holding Berhad and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation where the partner give a slow pace of technology transfer and lead to end up their partnership in 2005 (Tan, 2005). This kind of problems would be serious if both of the firms are from different country due to the different views and perceptions. In order to prevent this problem arise, one of their partner must have a full controlling interest (Hills, 2011). Acquisition Acquisition is a good expansion strategy to be implemented but a suitable acquisition is vital in order to make profit. Acoording to Proton Cars Berhad managing director, Dato Syed Zainel, Proton is looking forward to be more export oriented in the future. Protons strategies dovetail particularly in the areas of quality enhancement and improvement, cost improvement and enhancement of production efficiency (Future plan- Proton, 2008). In my opinion, Proton should acquire carmaker which has more similarity of car category as Proton such as Mitsubishi. Instead of partnering with Mitsubishi, Proton should acquire their company since Proton is funded by government and has higher capital compared to Mitsubishi, a fully private owned company. Mitsubishi is also a well recognized carmaker company globally which can help Proton to boost up its brand name. Currently, Proton is already the partner of Mitsubishi Corporation under the partnership with EON Berhad since 2005 (Mitsubishi Motors, 2012). Mitsubishi is making losses in the European countries due to difficult operating environment and in debt-hit continent and is expecting to end manufacturing automobiles in Europe by end of 2012 (Loss-making Mitsubishi, 2012). This condition would be a favorable opportunity for Proton to acquire Mitsubishi. By acquiring Mitsubishi, Proton can gain benefit by sharing Mitsubishis global network to make exportation to uncovered regions such as North and South America, Africa and Oceania which are already the global network of Mitsubishi (Global Network Mitsubishi, 2012). In North America, Proton can export its car to countries like United States, Canada and Mexico which made up of high income (U.S.A), middle income (Canada) and lower income (Mexico) customers. With these varieties of income level, Proton should export cars of different price ranges to fulfill the American requirements. Currently, Proton does not export their cars to United States of America due to strict regulation of their government. By acquiring Mitsubishi, Proton can gain benefit by indirectly scheming into the American market. In Africa, Proton can export its car to countries like Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Kenya which mostly are made up of low income citizens which cannot afford expensive cars. Proton can produce cars which are of lower prices compared to prices of other carmaker companies offering them in the market to capture the African market. Meanwhile, Proton can scheme into customers that are not so fussy in countries like New Zealand and Palau in Oceania. Oceania societies are not very fussy in picking up car brand like Proton may be new to them but able to prosper at the same time. Other than using Mitsubishis global network to do exportation, Proton can get benefit by adopting Mitsubishis Japanese technology which is very innovative, effective and efficient. As we know, Proton often criticized for not being innovative enough in designing their car models. By acquiring Mitsubishi, Proton can gain full ownership of Mitsubishis Research and Development centre. Thus, Proton can send its local engineer to learn the Japanese innovation and technology. Mitsubishis technology also can benefits Proton by enhancing the quality and production efficiency of Protons car and making cost improvement As mentioned in the current expansion, Proton had acquired Lotus which has a strong market branding in the European continent (Lotus Purchased by Proton, 1996). Proton can use Mitsubishi technology to manufacture their cars and at the same time uses the Lotus branding to market their cars to the European continent to reposition both Mitsubishi and Proton among the European countries. By acquiring Mitsubishi in the future not only Proton can improve the production of their car in terms of quality but can also globalize our local brand across all continents. Conclusion In conclusion, Proton is an example of successful national car maker. Due to strong government support, Proton car became an icon of both personal and national success in Malaysia. Proton provides good quality and affordable car in order to encourage local residents to purchase and promote patriotism. There are plenty of ways of expanding a business. Proton has been expanding their business in other countries to fit the customers changing needs and also competing in this highly competitive market. The first current expansion strategy used by Proton is by exporting their product to other countries. Proton had successfully penetrated into United Kingdom, South America as well as Asian countries after meeting a number of challenges in terms of quality problems and regulations of other countries. Subsequently, acquisition is also one of the expansion strategies. Proton had acquired Lotus after ended its partnership with Mitsubishi. Proton is gaining the advantages from Lotus in term of a major RD and expertise to develop its own engine without relies on Mitsubishi. In 2011, proton has joint venture with Chinas Hawtai Motor Group Ltd to extend their expansion to China. Proton will license its current models which are Proton Exora and the upcoming model presently coded P3-21A to Hawtai Motor Group to extend their brand to worldwide so that everyone in different country can recognize their brand. Proton Holding Berhad was carrying out partnership with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation which is located in Japan. This partnership was a failure due to the lack of technology transfer in year 2005. On the other hand, we recommend Proton to pursue a potential collaboration with the Japanese car maker which is also the car maker leader in India, Maruti Suzuki. Maruti Suzuki is a leading automobile manufacturer, therefore it can easily capture the Indian market by the existence of well brand reputation in India. We also recommend Proton to collaborate with Maruti Suzuki in making diesel-powered car due to the reason of demand for diesel-powered vehicles has surged in the country following the widening gap between prices of petrol and diesel. Proton can also use acquisition for their future expansion. We recommend Proton to acquire Mitsubishi and use the Mitsubishi technology which can help in enhancing quality and productivity as well as cost improvement of Protons cars and at the same time uses the Lotus branding to market their cars to around the world. Mitsubishi also has a wide global network which they had already expended to all regions in the world. By acquiring Mitsubishi, Proton can benefit from using their global network to do exportation. To achieve an excellent result, Proton will have to constantly strive to be at the forefront of the industry. Proton also has to persistently improve its products and services in the wake of increasing competition in this market. Their mission is to dominate the pursuit of being the first choice of car making company for Automotive Products Services.

Free College Essays - Hindu Influence in A Passage to India :: Passage to India Essays

A Passage to India - Hindu Influence Several different literary elements work in tandem to produce the magic seen in E. M. Forster's A Passage to India. Because this novel was presented to the world less than a decade after World War I, the fantastic and exotic stories of India seized the attention of the relatively provincial society of the day, and the novel's detailed presentation of Hinduism certainly excited the imaginations of thousands of readers. Benita Parry supports this assertion when saying, "Hinduism takes its place at the core of the novel just as it lies at the heart of India" (164). How powerful was Hinduism in India? Historians have pointed out that the Indian masses united with strength only when Gandhi appealed to them through Hinduism (Parry 164). With this in mind, it seems reasonable for Forster to devote much energy to portraying the Hindu religion. Furthermore, Forster himself expressed that he viewed himself as on "nearer nodding terms with Krishna (the Hindu god of literature, art, music, and dance) than with any other god" (McDowell 105). The clash between Hinduism and Christianity in A Passage to India parallels the conflict between the Indians and the English. Hinduism is best represented in the novel by Professor Godbole, and Christianity is epitomized in Mrs. Moore. Mrs. Moore comes to India with the kindness and understanding heart of a devout Christian but leaves morose and peevish. Perhaps she is haunted into this state by Professor Godbole's strange song: "At times there seemed rhythm, at times there was the illusion of a Western melody. But the ear, baffled repeatedly, soon lost any clue, and wandered in a maze of noises, none harsh or unpleasant, none intelligible.... The sounds continued and ceased after a few moments as casually as they had begun - apparently half through a bar, and upon the subdominant" (84-85). When Godbole explains that his song is about a milkmaid begging for the Krishna's assistance, and Krishna's failure to appear, Mrs. Moore asks, "But he comes in another song, I hope?" to which Godbole immediately replies, "Oh no, he refuses to come. I say to him , Come, come, come, come, come, come. He neglects to come" (85). It is this song that forces Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested into emotional cocoons from which they only escape to meet horrible circumstances: Mrs.

Go Tell It On The Mountain Essay -- essays papers

Go Tell It On The Mountain In James Baldwin’s 1952 novel â€Å"Go Tell It On The Mountain† the characters in the novel each embark on a spiritual journey. Baldwin has dedicated a chapter to each member of the Grimes family, detailing their trails and tribulations, hopes and aspirations, as each one’s quest to get closer to God becomes a battle. I have chosen the character John because I admire the fierce struggle he endured to find his spirituality. I will examine how he’s embarked on his quest and prove that he has done it with integrity and dignity. This novel is set in 1935 in Harlem, New York City. A small church congregation comes together for Sunday evening mass. The congregation is made up of close friends and family. The novel is centered around the Grimes family. They go to a Baptist church, â€Å"Temple of the Fire Baptized† and it is a very close congregation which every member has a personal bond with one another. This fact, I believe adds to the dynamics of the way they worship and ultimately the way they identify with god. John Grimes, the eldest son of Gabrial Grimes whom was a former well-respected and dynamic preacher, is in search of answers to his unhappiness. John wants to find his place within the church, define his relationship with god, and wants to flush the dislike he has for his father out. His father favors John’s younger brother Roy over himself. Although Roy is a bad seed and has an impeccable ability for getting into trouble he undoubtedly remains the apple of his father’s eye. John has been compared to another young man named Elisha, whom is a member of the church. Elisha is a few years older than John and has the respect of all the congregation members because he showed great intere... ...soul.† He then heard the voice of Elisha, telling him to come through. He heard the singing of the congregation. Elisha said, â€Å"Rise up, rise up, Brother Johnny, and talk about the Lord’s deliverance† John has been saved and exaltedly claimed, â€Å"Lord, I been introduced to the Father, and the Son, and I ain’t no stranger now!† John’s quest to be closer to God was phenomenal. I too have had a rocky relationship with my father and like John has had to fight the demons caused by that relationship and atoned for them. It is very important to practice forgiveness. I believe that John has done that. Hatred is a heavy burden to bare, and lead to destruction. I believe through his newfound relationship with God, he will forgive then rebuild his relationship with his father. And has proven to me that he’s embarked on his quest with integrity and dignity.

Sophocles :: essays research papers

	In 495 B.C. there was a child born about a mile outside of Athens. This child was to be named Sophocles. He was a boy whose father was a wealthy merchant. He now had the opportunity to enjoy all of life's greatest expectations in the Greek empire. Being that he was from a wealthy family, he had the chance to study all of the arts. By the time Sophocles reached his late teens, he was already known for his charm and elegance and was honored by being chosen to lead a challenging group of young men at a celebration of the victory of Salamis. When Sophocles reached the late twenties, he was ready to compete in the City Dionysia, which is a celebration held every year at the theater of Dionysus in which new plays are presented all of the time. This was to show how successful Sophocles was in his acting career. During his first competition, Sophocles had the honor of competing against the great Aeschylus himself and defeated him taking first place. There would be many more plays to follow this accomplishment and Sophocles would walk home with nothing less than a second place. 	Sophocles, noted as being a talented actor, performed in many of his own plays. In one of his plays called, "The Woman Washing Clothes," he performed a juggling act that was talked about all over town for many years because the audience was so fascinated. But before you knew it Sophocles was to take another route and end his acting career to venture elsewhere. For many years Sophocles served as a dictated priest in the service of two heroes named Alcon and Asclepius, who was the god of medicine. Not only did he do this but he also served on the Board of Generals which was a committee that administered civil and military affairs in Athens. For some time after that, Sophocles was the director of the Treasury. This was where Sophocles controlled the funds of the association of states which were to be known as the Delian Confederacy. Being one of the great innovators of the theatre, Sophocles was the first playwright to add a third actor to his plot. In doing this, he a nnulled the trilogic form. For example, Aeschylus used three tragedies to explain a single story. Sophocles preferred to make each tragedy a complete entry in itself.

Gender and body image – Looking at women and men through the life course

Throughout our lives we are governed by how we look and act according to society. One of the main leaders throughout history has been which sex a person belongs to. This governs our every aspect in life from a baby, through to adulthood. Opinion changes constantly to whether children should live a certain way and especially act certain ways at different ages and stages throughout life. We are socially constructed from the start of our lives, if a baby wears blue or pink determines societys view of how to treat the child and most importantly whether it is male of female. We are judged in our abilities and skills just by from which sex we belong to. It is one of the most influential factors in life, being male or female. I will be looking at the perceived differences between males and female body image and actions throughout the life cycle, from birth through to old age. One of the first things we notice about a person is which sex they belong to. Today due to changes in societies impressions and opinions on sex and sex orientation, it is generally possible to immediately determine the sex of a person that gives out first impressions and places stereotypes. Every culture distinguishes between male and females and this accompanied by beliefs and psychological and physical behaviours belonging to each sex. It is not a recent act to distinguish differences between the sexes. In pre-industrial Britain children were sent off to work at an early age between 6-7. They were kept apart and designated a job. At this age physicality's of gender differences would not be differentiated because of no puberty growth in the children causing no differences in physical ability and strength yet girls would be sent to become servants while boys would be trained to be apprentices. In the sixteenth century boys were increasingly sent to boarding school, while girls were mainly kept at home, any small amount of girls who were sent to boarding school were trained for domesticity. Their father or their masters controlled any girls in a family, like an ownership. The males possessed them. Any money that was made was not their own to keep but passed on to their masters or their family for their parents personal use or placed back into the family for food and supplies. Both boys and girls were used for their bodies yet in completely different ways. In the early nineteenth century working class children would be used in working class factories for cheap labour. Boys would follow the men with physical work while girls were sold for prostitution. Girls where not seen to have many uses apart from their bodies or domesticity uses. This treatment of girls continued through the years in society. Towards the First World War girls were not sold for such explicit reasons but used in different ways (Humphries 1977). Families became dependent on the wages of their siblings. With men called to war the children would work to help the families upkeep. Girls would be expected to help their mothers with domestic tasks and to take the role of second mother for their younger siblings. While boys and young men where used for their physical abilities. By the twentieth century psychologists identified that childhood was a vital part of a persons identity. Freud dedicated his life to the study of people and the affect of childhood on their adult lives. Children could be scared for life because of their childhoods. This could explain judgements of people on sex opinions later in lives because of their upbringings, which had forced the stereo types into society. Post war brought the decline of infant mortality and the decline in birth rate. Children where not therefore depended upon for their help with the families income. Adults began to see children as pleasurable company. Children soon became the main focus of life. The division of home from the workplace resulted in an isolation of women and children. The home in middle-class households represented a haven from the competition of the market place and from the public world. Men would stay in the workplace and women and children were kept ‘confined' and ‘protected' in the home. This soon broadens from the middle-class household to the working class home. This image of the western family soon became the model norm of the western societies, which influenced many people throughout their lives. Female and male children are segregated and classed as different, which has continued up to the present day. From birth they are given different clothes and toys and are subjected to socialisation. Children were even segregated at school, boys may have been sent to a different school than girls and be taught different curricula. Children now share schooling and have moved closer together in the curricula but in many other ways they are treated differently. Although today boys and girls may study the same curriculum, some subjects are still labelled as being male or female subjects. Increasing anxieties about sexual threat in contemporary society, because of sexual abuse cases, has become increasingly popular; causing boys and girls to be treated differently. Girls are surveyed and controlled more than boys of the same age. Girls and boys are sheltered differently. Girls are protected from the real dangers of society but also the ones, which are possibly fictional, or of an adult's exaggeration. Girls in particular are sheltered from the real adult world. The sexualisation of adults' contact with children means girls are seldom allowed to walk alone, or spend much time on their own. This treatment causes girls today to be segregated from society from the start of their lives. This influences the way they live their life and attitudes they have towards their influencing adult guides. When children are allowed out ‘to play', boys seem to be allowed out later than girls or more trust and leniency. Although childhood is seen as psychologically influencing on a persons' life adolescence is both psychologically and physically changing. Adolescence is a time for psychological adjustments to the physical changes in the child's body. For young girls and women it is normally related with developments of secondary sexual qualities such as breasts, and body hair. When we become adolescence's we gain legal responsibilities. At the age of 16 a young woman can give consent to sexual intercourse with a man. Before this age a young woman will in the eyes of the law be seen as irresponsible and unable to give responsible consent. Also at the age of 16 a young man and woman may get married however although legally responsible to have a sexual relationship and possibly bare children, the young adults must have parental permission. Their responsibilities are too high to be married from their own choice at this age. The legal view on heterosexual relationships seems a reasonably understandable law, compared to the opinions on homosexual relationships. Homosexual relationships between men are not legal unless both parties are 18, however same sex relationships between two women are legal at any age. It is evident from these figures that young men and women have a different statues in law reflecting different assumptions about masculinity and femininity. Young people become legally responsible for their actions from their age of 10. This makes youth today so much longer than it was many years ago. This extended period in the youth phase causes extensive protection from the parents. One explanation for this could be the increasing choice by children to stay in education for a longer period of time. The number of young people choosing to go into higher education increases because of more opportunities, larger choices in courses and the range of training schemes increases. It is apparent that young people especially women seem to be spending longer being trained and educated, and then having greater uncertain futures because finding full-time work is increasing remote. This is especially apparent for young people because they are most affected by unemployment. Young women have come through time from not being educated to spending more time in education than young men. Government reports have stated that young women do considerably better in school than young men due to a stronger ambition to be successful and ability to concentrate their efforts into studying. It is generally stated that adolescence is a period of stressful experience. However an anthropologist Margaret Mead challenged this. She studied adolescent women in eastern Samoa (1943) and found no evidence of role confusion, conflict or revolt. Suggesting that adolescence was not world-wide and biologically determined but ethnically variable, and that the stresses of this time could be socially determined, and because of confusing status to which, young people find themselves consigned by particular communal forms. It is a wide-ranging protest from adults to complain of adolescent deviant behaviour however this suggests that it is the western societal norms which push adolescents to be seen as irresponsible and problematic to society. Adolescence is a particular distressing time for young women. Trying to conform to societies views of how to behave and to trying to keep their reputation with friends and partners at the same time makes life very traumatic. The behaviour of teenage women is partly the result of being treated differently from boys through their life. As was stated earlier women are seen as more in need of care and protection. Parents ‘police' their daughters more strictly than their sons. This then is linked to the ideological definition of ‘appropriate behaviour of women'. Sue Lees (1986) has shown how boys control young women in the public eye through threat of labelling them sexually promiscuous. It is expected of young men to copulate but for a young women to continue with the same behaviour would result in such labels as ‘slag' or ‘slut' and ‘scrubber' or an ‘easy lay'. This labelling is less to do with the actual sexual action rather than to the extent to which young women's behaviour deviates from the normal ideas of femininity. For example a female should not be seen using foul language or rough behaviour as they could be classed as a ‘tom boy'. Sexuality is classed in very different ways. Both sexes are concerned with reputation; the basis on which it rests is very distinct. For boys sexual reputation is enhanced by varied experience boasting to their friends for all the girls they have ‘made', for a girl reputation is to be guarded. It is to be under threat not merely if she is known to have sex with anyone other than with her steady boyfriend but also if she goes out with several different boys, or dresses in a certain way. To remain a ‘nice' girl a young woman must suppress any sexual desire, and instead conform to the dream image of romantic love and complete monogamy. This double standard serves to constrain the public and private lives of young women to ensure conformity based on a model of sexuality, which ultimately takes its form from the ideology of the nuclear family. Feminist sociologists' arguments showed that post ideas that suggestions of femininity and masculinity classed as natural were actually of a social origin. Young people apparently learn roles. Mc Robbie and Garber stated that young women didn't ‘rebel in the same way which young men did but instead used the ideal romantic fantasy as a form of escapism. Sue Lees (1986), Christine Griffin (1985) and Clair Wallace (1987) have looked into the theory of the role that romantic love fantasies have in young women's lives. They are apparently not deceived by characters lives portrayed in women's literature, but actually have realistic ideas of married life. It was also believed that young women have tactics of resistance for example ‘tom boys' or pregnancy, which are not in the ‘nice' girl stereotype. They state that an important aspect in young girls lives is their status and independence inside and out of the family that could be achieved by them acquiring a job by themselves. Sharpe (1995) study contrast to an earlier study found that young women interviewed no longer saw marriage and parenthood as their only goal in life. These studies show a change in young women's views and opinions; however, it causes views of people to think young girls are rebelling against the norms of society because family life is not their first objective in life. The media is one of the most influential aspects to people's lives. It is used to inform, sell, advise, and help the readers and many other uses. Young women are important customers of media resources. There are magazines, which particularly target young women and influence their lives. The magazines give advise on romance, hygiene and behaviour according to societies rules at the time. 80% of magazines are articles about fashion and appearance pushing young women into a proposed look. They steer young women to see romance as standard and as an ultimate goal in life to have a ‘normal' steady monogamous relationship leading to marriage and all as typecasts with a male companion. According to these magazines the main interest of their teenage years is in getting a man'. The young women become immersed into the ideology of romance and of ‘falling in love'. Adulthood is associated with taking up full status in society, having sexual relationships, getting married, having children, having a full time stable job, and living in an independent household. When we become an adult we associate it with citizenship status -the right to vote, to take loans, or to enter legal contract we are given responsibility and trusted. This legal responsibility is associated with the turning of age to 18. There are many physical body aspects, which are also associated with adulthood. Such as first menstruation, and first sex. This today is more associated with the teenage years because of younger people having sex earlier and young girls developing into women earlier so the legal opinion of an adult may not be the same as a physical adult. The transition of adolescence to adulthood can be more meaningful for women than young men generally because young women marry earlier, have sex earlier and many other things earlier than men. It is often said than young girls mature earlier than young boys. It is a stressful time for women when the beginning of sexual activity occurs. It is a time of pride and manhood for males while traumatic and cautious for women. Not to be seen on the one side as ‘frigid' or a promiscuous ‘slag' on the other (Cowie and Lees 1985; Halson 1991). Marriage, childbirth and parenthood are also parts of adulthood that are given different meanings from men than women. This seems to be because although attitudes are changing in society today women in the main have the foremost responsibilities and usually end up interrupting their careers to care for children. Today it is increasingly popular for single parent families which again is mostly women taking the responsibilities, the majority of about 90% of single parent families are headed by women. Baring children is also seen as hindering a women's working career and leisure life. The process of pregnancy changes a women's body, and although both men and women's bodies change in the life course this can be seen as the biggest change a women can experience. Increased hormones and the gradual growth of the baby stretches and changes the women's normal body shape. This change, during pregnancy and after can affect a woman greatly because of opinions of what a woman should look like. It is looked upon badly if the bulge during pregnancy is on show when in the public eye. It is a nature event that is seen as part of a women's' meaning on earth. However, it cannot be looked upon, only in disgrace. Is it a disgusting view to see a woman pregnant? Or is it disgusting to see a woman out of shape, from societies view of what a woman should look like, as I suspect it could be. Women's careers are perceived as more intimately tied to their biology and reproductive cycles than are men's. Men's bodies are defined by their performance and action in the labour market and public life. Their reproductive functions and their bodies are seldom referred to and are seen as unproblematic. Women's body shape and reproductive functions are constantly studied and are sometimes referred to as determining their lives (Ussher 1989). In the media it is women's bodies that are used to sell their products. A car advert will usually at some point show a young stereotype of a woman draped over their product in order to sell it. It is unusual to see a man or even a larger woman used in the same way. Women's lives are constantly referred to by their menstruation. They are frequently seen as ‘victims' of ‘ragging hormones' either because of ‘pre-menstrual tension' or because of menopause. Each case supposedly causes women to ‘suffer' from temporary indisposition that can sometimes become ‘insanity'! This then could be the reason why it is used for reasons of moodiness, road accidents and even cases of murder. On account of these biological ‘problems' women's lives are intervened with medical attention and even seen as a kind of disease. Women can be recommended hormone replacements therapy and hysterectomies as a solution to menopausal problems and are given special diets or hormone treatment for pre-menstrual tension. Unlike male bodies women's are somewhat controlled by medical science from the moment of first problems with menstruation or with the need for birth control through to menopausal problems. Some women may never need medical assistance, but most do at some point in their lives. â€Å"Imagine what might have happened in a world with different cultural and moral attitudes towards gender and responsibilities for family planning and children. It is not beyond imagination that we would have ended up with a male contraceptive pill, a medical treatment for male menopause and a classification system of multiple sexes (Oudshoor 1994). One of the most traumatic times in a person's life is the process of ageing. No person wants to loose his or her looks, shape or mind. For men it is loosing their hair or gaining that ‘beer belly'. For women physical attractiveness is the most important feature and loosing this is a major source of anxiety. Women spend thousands of pounds on creams, potions, dieting, exercise and even plastic surgery. Men today are also increasingly purchasing these types of items but it is generally women that advertising is focused on (Arber and Ginn 1991). It has been questioned what is persona purpose in life? One of the proposed reasons is to reproduce, to keep the population. Men are seen to do this throughout their lives, so women who have therefore passed the menopause could be seen as having no use anymore for their reproductive functions and therefore are uninterested in sex. Doctors are more likely to recommend hysterectomies to women than men. In medical textbooks women's ovaries are described as ‘shrivelled' or ‘senile' metaphors, which, imply they are ‘useless', or ‘past it'. Women are classified by their biological position in and throughout their lives. Pre-menstrual' in their youth, ‘pre-menopausal' in their thirties, ‘menopausal' in their forties and ‘post-menopausal' in their fifties, its as though their reproductive organs control women's lives. Women who have children find themselves defined in terms of their roles as mothers and carers. On the other hand childless women are seen as frustrated mothers and somehow incomplete. It is as if a woman's ultimate goal is to bare children. A childless woman is classed as having psychological inadequacies or a lack of feminine qualities. Today many more women are pursuing careers rather than starting a family, this is seen as selfish whereas men are not exposed to such punishments. It is seen as acceptable for a man to never be a part of a family. Women's lives are seen as shaped by their biological bodies and the changes these bodies undergo. Men's lives by contrast are seen as shaped by their achievements. Throughout our lives we are governed by our sex and opinions made by society which label us according to our sex. These labels are started through opinions made from birth, which stay with us until death.

Modelling and Forecasting Electricity Consumption of the Philippines Essay

In the Philippines, electric power is becoming the main energy form relied upon in all economic sectors of the country. As time goes by, while different establishments and properties were built and developed, the demand for domestic electricity consumption within the country accelerates. Energy consumption is an important index of the economic development of a country. Rapid changes in industry and the economy strongly affect energy consumption. According to the International Energy Annual (IEA) in the year 2004, the Philippines had total installed electricity generating capacity of 15.1 gigawatts (GW). The country produced 53.1 billion kilowatt-hours (Bkwh) of electricity in 2004, while consuming 49.4 Bkwh. Conventional thermal sources make up the largest share of Philippine electricity supply, comprising more than 65 percent of the total in 2004. However, the Philippines is also the world’s second-largest producer of geothermal energy. Despite several electricity sources, there are still bunch of problems that occur such as electricity shortage and high price somewhat due to increase of demand and company expenses. The Philippines is not just the sole country that experiences these specific dilemmas but the other countries in Asia like Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, and the entire world too. This pushes researchers and experts to study the consumption movement from the past years in order for them to learn its behavior and suggest a method to help prepare the power companies and to prevent uncertainties that might happen in the near future. Through the years, there are many ways and methods developed by the experts and one of them is modeling and forecasting. Modelling electric energy consumption is useful in planning and distribution by power utilities. Modeling is a process of generating abstract, conceptual,graphical and/or mathematical models. Models are typically used when it is either impossible or impractical to create experimental conditions in which scientists can directly measure outcomes. In the field of energy use direct to electricity, modelling is a very important factor in forecasting the next set of electricity consumption. There are plenty of techniques and mathematical methods which are already used and proven effective in determining the energy consumption such as Multivariate regression –analysis, neural networks, autoregressive, and many more. Nowadays, time-series analysis was also used in the electric energy consumption modeling and forecasting. In statistics, signal processing, and mathematical finance, a time series is a sequence of data points, measured typically at successive time instants spaced at uniform time intervals. Based on Investopedia (2012) it provides another modeling approach which requires only data on the modeled variable, thus saving the user the trouble of determining influential variables and suggesting a form for the relation between them. For instance, measuring the value of retail sales each month of the year would comprise a time series. This is because sales revenue is well defined, and consistently measured at equally spaced intervals. Data collected irregularly or only once are not time series. Also, according to Austrilian Bureau of Statistics (2005) an observed time series can be decomposed into three components: the trend (long term direction), the seasonal (systematic, calendar related movements) and the irregular (unsystematic, short term fluctuations). Models for time series data can have many forms and represent different stochastic processes. Some other applications of time-series analysis are in macroeconomics and finance. As of now, modelling and forecasting is of its highest peak of achievement and significance of the modern society especially in aiding certain dilemmas in electric consumption. Objectives 1. To formulate a mathematical model for the electricity consumption of the Philippines. 2. To forecast the Philippines’ monthly electricity consumption for the next three years. 3. To evaluate the formulated model in forecasting the electricity consumption. Significance of the Study The goal of this study is to be able to forecast the electrical energy consumption of the Philippines for the next three years through formulating a model acquired from the data by using time-series. This information can contribute much to the power supply companies of the Philippines in order for them to determine the set of electricity consumption for the coming years. The forecasted result will help them plan and prepare for whatever might happen in the future years specifically in addressing the electricity shortage. Scope and Limitation The study focuses primarily in modelling the electricity use of the Philippines by using the time-series analysis. The study is narrowed to the forecasting of the monthly electricity consumption for the next three years of the entire Philippines. The data used in modelling is based on the 1999-2011 record. Review of Related Literature Modelling and forecasting electricity consumption of Malaysian large steel mills This study attempts to model and forecast the daily maximum demand of Malaysian large steel mills and the annual maximum demand contributed by these steel mills. It attempts to combine both the top-down and bottom-up approaches to forecast the daily and annual maximum demand of the steel mills. The top-down approach uses regression analysis to forecast the annual amount of electricity consumption of the steel mills. The bottom-up approach uses the Model for Analysis of Electric Demand Electric Load (MAED_EL) to convert the annual steel mills electricity consumption (which was earlier obtained from the regression model) into hourly load of the steel mills. The proposed method shows good forecasting accuracy, with weekly Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 2.3%. This study propose combination of the top-down and bottom-up methods to forecast the daily maximum demand of Malaysian large steel mills and the annual maximum demand contributed by these steel mills. The top-down approach uses regression analysis to forecast the annual electricity consumption of these large steel mills, based on its relationship with annual steel production and GDP. The projected annual electricity consumption from regression analysis was then integrated into the bottom-up model using MAED_EL to construct the hourly load curves. From the hourly load curves, the daily and annual maximum demands of the steel mills are determined. This model has the ability to forecast accurately the daily maximum of the large steel mills, with MAPE of less than 3%. The proposed method however, is purely based on the assumption that the future trend of daily consumption follows the base year. Although this is a slight drawback, nevertheless the proposed method has provided the utility with a better means to forecast steel mills’ load, despite the unavailability of daily production data which is vital in forecasting. The outcome of this study will benefit the utility in ensuring reliable and economic operation of the national grid, and is also useful for analysis pertaining to development of future optimal generation and transmission expansion plans. Findings of this study also give a valuable contribution to the utility in determining load management strategies and designing of tariff structures. A possible approach to improve the forecast performance is by combining the model with a time series method such as ARIMA. This will enable the model to take into account the most recent behaviour of steel mills load, and thus increase the accuracy of the forecast. The best approach however, would still be the one that is able to take into account the daily production data of the steel mills. With the availability of this particular data, many other complex and more effective methods can be explored such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and fuzzy linear regression. These methods will have the ability to capture the factors that highly influence steel mills daily load such as daily production plan and maintenance schedule, and hence improve the accuracy of the forecast. (S. Aman et.al, 2011 ) Long term energy consumption forecasting using genetic programming Managing electrical energy supply is a complex task. The most important part of electric utility resource planning is forecasting of the future load demand in the regional or national service area. This is usually achieved by constructing models on relative information, such as climate and previous load demand data. In this paper, a genetic programming approach is proposed to forecast long term electrical power consumption in the area covered by a utility situated in the southeast of Turkey. The empirical results demonstrate successful load forecast with a low error rate. In this paper, a genetic programming approach on the forecasting of long term electrical power consumption of a moderate city in Turkey was presented. It uses the genetic programming method to forecast future usage through symbolic regression using annual data of the previous years. In conventional regression, one has to decide on the approximation function (can be an n-degree polynomial, non-polynomial, or a combination of both) and try to find the coefficients of this selected function. Constructing an approximation function can be a difficult task. There is another form of regression called â€Å"symbolic regression†. In the symbolic regression problem, the aim is to search a symbolic representation of a model, instead of only searching for coefficients of a predefined model. Genetic programming (GP) method introduced by Koza can be used for the symbolic regression problem. GP searches for the model and coefficients of the model at the same time. In this study, power consumption data is processed with both conventional analysis and genetic programming techniques. Long term power consumption forecasting can provide important information for power distribution centers. Power consumption in this city is rapidly growing; therefore accurate forecasts can help authorities to make reliable plans. In this work, a genetic programming based forecasting method is presented. Two other curve fitting methods are also presented for comparison with this technique. Data used in all three models are not preprocessed. Genetic programming technique is used to form a model and evaluate the parameters for the model. The goodness of the fit produced by the genetic programming method is evaluated using sum of squared errors (SSE) method, which is better than the other two methods of regression. It was proved that the genetic programming can be used for electric utility resource planning and forecasting of the future load demand in the regional or national service area effectively. (K. Karabulot et. al, 2008) Electricity consumption forecasting in Italy using linear regression models The influence of economic and demographic variables on the annual electricity consumption in Italy has been investigated with the intention to develop a long-term consumption forecasting model. The time period considered for the historical data is from 1970 to 2007. Different regression models were developed, using historical electricity consumption, gross domestic product (GDP), gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita) and population. A first part of the paper considers the estimation of GDP, price and GDP per capita elasticities of domestic and non-domestic electricity consumption. The domestic and non-domestic short run price elasticities are found to be both approximately equal to 0.06, while long run elasticities are equal to 0.24 and 0.09, respectively. On the contrary, the elasticities of GDP and GDP per capita present higher values. In the second part of the paper, different regression model s, based on co-integrated or stationary data, are presented. Different statistical tests are employed to check the validity of the proposed models. A comparison with national forecasts, based on complex econometric models, such as Markal-Time, was performed, showing that the developed regressions are congruent with the official projections, with deviations of 1% for the best case and 11% for the worst. These deviations are to be considered acceptable in relation to the time span taken into account. This paper aims to estimate GDP, price and GDP per capita elasticities of domestic and non-domestic electricity consumption in Italy. Also this paper wants to forecast the future growth of these consumptions using different regression models and compare our results with other available projections. The elasticity analysis showed that the price elasticity of domestic and non-domestic consumption is quite limited, confirming some results presented in previous studies. Through the findings, conclusions have been acquired. First, there is no need to consider electricity price as explaining variable in forecasting models for Italian electricity consumption. Second, pricing policies cannot be used to promote the efficient use of electricity in Italy. The estimation of GDP and GDP per capita elasticities showed higher values with respect to price elasticities, demonstrating that the consumption response to GDP and GDP per capita changes is relevant. Therefore, there is the need to assure an appropriate level of electricity supply to sustain the economic growth in Italy. According to the second target of the paper, different long-term forecasting models were developed and they substantially lead to similar results. Therefore, in the next years, an increase in the total electricity consumption, driven by both domestic and nondomestic consumptions, should be expected in Italy with an average rate equal to about 2% per year. Assuming that the data reported represent the reference benchmark, it can guarantee the most accurate projections for total, domestic and non-domestic electricity consumptions respectively, because they fit the data. It is believed that the elasticities, forecasts and comments presented in this paper would be helpful to energy planners and policy makers to build future scenarios about the Italian electricity consumption. (V. Bianco et. al., 2009) Forecasting electricity consumption in New Zealand using economic and demographic variables The inï ¬â€šuence of selected economic and demographic variables on the annual electricity consumption in New Zealand has been investigated. The study uses gross domestic product, average price of electricity and population of New Zealand during the period 1965–1999. Models are developed using multiple linear regression analysis. It was found that the electricity consumption correlated effectively with all variables. Forecasts made using these models were compared with some available national forecasts. The forecasts are also compared with the forecasts of the previously developed Logistic model. Electricity consumption forecasting models based on economic factors for Domestic and NonDomestic sectors and Total consumption for New Zealand using multiple linear regression have been proposed. The models performed effectively in the statistical tests conducted, implying their signiï ¬ cance in forecasting electricity consumption using the explaining variables considered. Comparisons of these models have been made with the national forecasts available in New Zealand. The comparison revealed that the forecasts made by the regression models are very comparable with the national forecasts. The accuracy of the forecasts made by these models depends strongly on the accuracy of forecasts made for the explaining variables. In this paper, simple regression had been used to model these variables. (Z. Mohamed & Pat Bodger, 2003) Modeling and Forecasting Electricity Demand in the Philippines The Philippine government has deregulated electricity generation markets to encourage private investors and actively courted independent power producers (IPPs). This has been done to promote efficiency and reduce government financial debt obligations. Until the mid-1980s, the power sector in the Philippines was mostly state-owned through the National Power Corporation (NPC). After the debt crisis in the early 1980s, the Philippines’ government tightened fiscal policy, and capital expenditure for additional electricity capacity was significantly reduced. This led to a slowdown in the electricity generating facilities. At the same time, electricity demand continued to increase. This resulted in tight electricity supply and demand conditions by the middle of the 1980s. There continue to be periods of generating capacity constraints. This may be the result of difficulties in forecasting electricity consumption. The residential and industrial electricity demand in the Philippines is modeled. The analysis follows Johansen’s vector error correction approach to estimate the price and income elasticity in both long and short run. The results indicate a long run cointegrating relationship is found among residential electricity consumption, income, and the stock of electric appliances. In the industrial sector there appears to be a long-run relationship holds for industrial electricity consumption and GDP. The lack of significant price responses appears to be the result of government development policies. The estimated models are used in forecasting total electricity consumption suggest that the government’s official forecast for electricity demand would be on the upper bound of the forecast range. (K. Ishi & F. Joutz, 2009) Methodology 1. Collect data of the Philippines’ monthly electricity consumption from the year 1999 to 2011 in National Statistics Coordination Board to be used for constructing a time-series model for the electricity consumption. 2. Using the formulated model, forecast the Philippines’ electricity consumption for the next three years. 3. Through the acquired forecasted consumption, evaluate the performance of the model. References Clough, L. (2008). Energy profile of Philippines. The encyclopedia of earth. Aman, S., Ping, H. , & Mubin, M (2011). Modelling and forecasting electricity consumption of Malaysian large steel mills. Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 6 (8), pp. 1817-1830. ISSN 1992-2248. Karabulut, K., Alkan, A., & Yilmaz, A. (2008). Long term energy consumption forecasting using genetic programming. Mathematical and Computational Applications, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 71-80. Bianco, V., Manca, O., & Nardini, S. (2009). Electricity consumption forecasting in Italy using linear regression models. Elsevier Ltd. Energy 34 (2009) 1413-1421. Mohamed, Z. & Bodger, P. (2003). Forecasting electricity consumption in New Zealand using economic and demographic variables. Elsevier Ltd. Energy 50 (2004) 1833-1843.